Exercises:Mond - Topology - 1/Question 7

Section B

Question 7

Let $D^2$ denote the closed unit disk in $\mathbb{R}^2$ and define an equivalence relation on $D^2$ by setting $x_1\sim x_2$ if $\Vert x_1\Vert=\Vert x_2\Vert=1$ ("collapsing the boundary to a single point"). Show that $\frac{D^2}{\sim}$ is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{S}^2$ - the sphere.

• Hint: first define a surjection $(:D^2\rightarrow\mathbb{S}^2)$ mapping all of $\partial D^2$ to the north pole. This may be defined using a good picture or a formula.

Solution

The idea is to double the radius of $D^2$, then pop it out into a hemisphere, then pull the rim to a point

Picture showing the "expanding $D^2$", the embedding-in-$\mathbb{R}^3$ part, and the "popping out"

Comments:

1. Suppose we take the hind and find a surjection, $f:D^2\rightarrow\mathbb{S}^2$, what would we do next? Passing to the quotient again! Then, as already mentioned, invoke the compact-to-Hausdorff theorem to yield a homeomorphism