Product topology

Grade: A

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As a part of the topology patrol

Grade: A

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Check Munkres and Topological Manifolds

Definition

Let [ilmath]\big((X_\alpha,\mathcal{J}_\alpha)\big)_{\alpha\in I}[/ilmath] be an arbitrary family of topological spaces. The product topology is a new topological space defined on the set [ilmath]\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] (herein we define [ilmath]X:=\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] for notational convenience, where [ilmath]\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] denotes the Cartesian product of the family [ilmath](X_\alpha)_{\alpha\in I}[/ilmath]) with topology, [ilmath]\mathcal{J} [/ilmath] defined as:

• the topology generated by the basis [ilmath]\mathcal{B} [/ilmath], where [ilmath]\mathcal{B} [/ilmath] is defined as follows:
  • [ilmath]\mathcal{B}:=\left.\left\{\prod_{\alpha\in I}U_\alpha\ \right\vert\ (\forall\beta\in I[U_\beta\in\mathcal{J}_\beta])\wedge\vert\{U_\alpha\ \vert\ \alpha\in I\wedge U_\alpha\neq X_\alpha\}\vert\in\mathbb{N}\right\}[/ilmath] Caution:I need to check this expression
    • In words, [ilmath]\mathcal{B} [/ilmath] is the set that contains all Cartesian products of open sets, [ilmath]U_\alpha\in\mathcal{J}_\alpha[/ilmath] given only finitely many of those open sets are not equal to [ilmath]X_\alpha[/ilmath] itself.

We claim:

1. [ilmath]\mathcal{B} [/ilmath] satisfies the conditions for a topology to be generated by a basis, thus yielding a topology on [ilmath]X[/ilmath], and
2. this topology is the unique topology on [ilmath]X[/ilmath] for which the characteristic property (see below) holds

Characteristic property

[ilmath]\begin{xy} \xymatrix{ & & \prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha \ar[dd] \\ & & \\ Y \ar[uurr]^f \ar[rr]+<-0.9ex,0.15ex>|(.875){\hole} & & X_b \save (15,13)+"3,3"*+{\ldots}="udots"; (8.125,6.5)+"3,3"*+{X_a}="x1"; (-8.125,-6.5)+"3,3"*+{X_c}="x3"; (-15,-13)+"3,3"*+{\ldots}="ldots"; \ar@{->} "x1"; "1,3"; \ar@{->}_(0.65){\pi_c,\ \pi_b,\ \pi_a} "x3"; "1,3"; \ar@{->}|(.873){\hole} "x1"+<-0.9ex,0.15ex>; "3,1"; \ar@{->}_{f_c,\ f_b,\ f_a} "x3"+<-0.9ex,0.3ex>; "3,1"; \restore } \end{xy}[/ilmath]

TODO: Caption

Let [ilmath]\big((X_\alpha,\mathcal{J}_\alpha)\big)_{\alpha\in I} [/ilmath] be an arbitrary family of topological spaces and let [ilmath](Y,\mathcal{ K })[/ilmath] be a topological space. Consider [ilmath](\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha,\mathcal{J})[/ilmath] as a topological space with topology ([ilmath]\mathcal{J} [/ilmath]) given by the product topology of [ilmath]\big((X_\alpha,\mathcal{J}_\alpha)\big)_{\alpha\in I} [/ilmath]. Lastly, let [ilmath]f:Y\rightarrow\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] be a map, and for [ilmath]\alpha\in I[/ilmath] define [ilmath]f_\alpha:Y\rightarrow X_\alpha[/ilmath] as [ilmath]f_\alpha=\pi_\alpha\circ f[/ilmath] (where [ilmath]\pi_\alpha[/ilmath] denotes the [ilmath]\alpha^\text{th} [/ilmath] canonical projection of the product topology) then:

• [ilmath]f:Y\rightarrow\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] is continuous

if and only if

• [ilmath]\forall\beta\in I[f_\beta:Y\rightarrow X_\beta\text{ is continuous}][/ilmath] - in words, each component function is continuous

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TODO: Link to diagram

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2nd generation page

Note: for finite collections of topological spaces the product and box topology agree. In general however the box topology does not satisfy the characteristic property of the product topology.

Definition

Given an arbitrary family of topological spaces, [ilmath]\big((X_\alpha,\mathcal{J}_\alpha)\big)_{\alpha\in I} [/ilmath] the product topology is a topology defined on the set [ilmath]\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] (where [ilmath]\prod[/ilmath] denotes the Cartesian product) to be the topology generated by the basis:

• [math]\mathcal{B}:=\left\{\left.\prod_{\alpha\in I}U_\alpha\right\vert\ (U_\alpha)_{\alpha\in I}\in\prod_{\alpha\in I}\mathcal{J}_\alpha\ \wedge\ \Big\vert\{U_\alpha\vert\ U_\alpha\ne X_\alpha\}\Big\vert\in\mathbb{N}\right\}[/math]

The family of functions, [ilmath]\left\{\pi_\alpha:\prod_{\beta\in I}X_\beta\rightarrow X_\alpha\text{ given by }\pi_\alpha:(x_\gamma)_{\gamma\in I}\mapsto x_\alpha\ \Big\vert\ \alpha\in I\right\}[/ilmath] are called the canonical projections for the product.

Claim 1: this is a basis for a topology,

Claim 2: the canonical projections are continuous

Characteristic property

[ilmath]\begin{xy} \xymatrix{ & & \prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha \ar[dd] \\ & & \\ Y \ar[uurr]^f \ar[rr]+<-0.9ex,0.15ex>|(.875){\hole} & & X_b \save (15,13)+"3,3"*+{\ldots}="udots"; (8.125,6.5)+"3,3"*+{X_a}="x1"; (-8.125,-6.5)+"3,3"*+{X_c}="x3"; (-15,-13)+"3,3"*+{\ldots}="ldots"; \ar@{->} "x1"; "1,3"; \ar@{->}_(0.65){\pi_c,\ \pi_b,\ \pi_a} "x3"; "1,3"; \ar@{->}|(.873){\hole} "x1"+<-0.9ex,0.15ex>; "3,1"; \ar@{->}_{f_c,\ f_b,\ f_a} "x3"+<-0.9ex,0.3ex>; "3,1"; \restore } \end{xy}[/ilmath]

TODO: Caption

Let [ilmath]\big((X_\alpha,\mathcal{J}_\alpha)\big)_{\alpha\in I} [/ilmath] be an arbitrary family of topological spaces and let [ilmath](Y,\mathcal{ K })[/ilmath] be a topological space. Consider [ilmath](\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha,\mathcal{J})[/ilmath] as a topological space with topology ([ilmath]\mathcal{J} [/ilmath]) given by the product topology of [ilmath]\big((X_\alpha,\mathcal{J}_\alpha)\big)_{\alpha\in I} [/ilmath]. Lastly, let [ilmath]f:Y\rightarrow\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] be a map, and for [ilmath]\alpha\in I[/ilmath] define [ilmath]f_\alpha:Y\rightarrow X_\alpha[/ilmath] as [ilmath]f_\alpha=\pi_\alpha\circ f[/ilmath] (where [ilmath]\pi_\alpha[/ilmath] denotes the [ilmath]\alpha^\text{th} [/ilmath] canonical projection of the product topology) then:

• [ilmath]f:Y\rightarrow\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] is continuous

if and only if

• [ilmath]\forall\beta\in I[f_\beta:Y\rightarrow X_\beta\text{ is continuous}][/ilmath] - in words, each component function is continuous

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TODO: Link to diagram

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OLD PAGE

Note: Very often confused with the Box topology see Product vs box topology for details

[math]\newcommand{\bigudot}{ \mathchoice{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-15mu\cdot\mkern8mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}}{\mathop{\bigcup\mkern-13mu\cdot\mkern5mu}} }[/math][math]\newcommand{\udot}{\cup\mkern-12.5mu\cdot\mkern6.25mu\!}[/math][math]\require{AMScd}\newcommand{\d}[1][]{\mathrm{d}^{#1} }[/math]

Definition

Given an arbitrary collection of indexed [ilmath](X_\alpha,\mathcal{J}_\alpha)_{\alpha\in I} [/ilmath] topological spaces, we define the product topology as follows:

• Let [ilmath]X:=\prod_{\alpha\in I}X_\alpha[/ilmath] be a set imbued with the topology generated by the basis:
• [ilmath]\mathcal{B}=\left\{\prod_{\alpha\in I}U_\alpha\Big\vert\ \forall\alpha\in I[U_\alpha\in\mathcal{J}_\alpha]\wedge\exists n\in\mathbb{N}[\vert\{U_\alpha\vert U_\alpha\ne X_\alpha\}\vert=n]\right\}[/ilmath]
  • That is to say the basis set contains all the products of open sets where the product has a finite number of elements that are not the entirety of their space.
  • For the sake of contrast, the Box topology has this definition for a basis:
    [ilmath]\mathcal{B}_\text{box}=\left\{\prod_{\alpha\in I}U_\alpha\Big\vert\ \forall\alpha\in I[U_\alpha\in\mathcal{J}_\alpha]\right\}[/ilmath] - the product of any collection of open sets
• Note that in the case of a finite number of spaces, say [ilmath](X_i,\mathcal{J}_i)_{i=1}^n[/ilmath] then the topology on [ilmath]\prod_{i=1}^nX_i[/ilmath] is generated by the basis:
  • [ilmath]\mathcal{B}_\text{finite}=\left\{\prod^n_{i=1}U_i\Big\vert\ \forall i\in\{1,2,\ldots,n\}[U_i\in\mathcal{J}_i]\right\}[/ilmath] (that is to say the box/product topologies agree)

Characteristic property

Here [ilmath]p_i[/ilmath] denotes the canonical projection, sometimes [ilmath]\pi_i[/ilmath] is used - I avoid using [ilmath]\pi[/ilmath] because it is too similar to [ilmath]\prod[/ilmath] (at least with my handwriting) - I have seen books using both of these conventions

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TODO: Finish off

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[math]\begin{xy} \xymatrix{ & \prod_{\beta\in I}X_\beta \ar[d]^{p_i} \\ Y \ar[ur]^f \ar[r]_{f_i} & X_i }\end{xy} [/math]
(Commutes [ilmath]\forall \alpha\in I[/ilmath])